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in Berrens 2004.

^ The medal is illustrated in Jocelyn M.C. Toynbee, Roman Medallions (1944, reprinted 1987) plate xvii, no. 11; the solidus is illustrated in J. Maurice, Numismatique Constantinienne vol. II, p. 236, plate vii, no. 14

^ Excellent discussion of this decree by Wallraff 2002, 96-102.

^ E. Marlowe, raming the sun. The Arch of Constantine and the Roman cityscape, Art Bulletin 88 (2006) 223-242.

^ S. Berrens, Sonnenkult und Kaisertum von den Severern bis zu Constantin I. (193-337 n. Chr.) Stuttgart: Steiner 2004 (Historia-Einzelschriften 185).

^ Berrens 2004, precise p. number to follow. The coinage Elagabalus does not use invictus for Roman Sol, nor the Emesan Solar deity Elagabalus.

^ Bergmann 1998, 121-123

^ S. Hijmans, etaphor, Symbol and Reality: the Polysemy of the Imperial Radiate Crown, in: C.C. Mattusch (ed.), Common ground. Archaeology, art, science, and humanities. Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Boston, August 23-26, 2003, Oxford (2006), 440-443; (Hijmans 2009, pp. 80-84, 509-548)

^ Bergmann 1998, 116-117; Hijmans 2009, 82-83.

^ Hijmans 2009, 509-548. A mosaic floor in the Baths of the Porta Marina at Ostia depicts a radiate victory crown on a table as well as a victorious competitor wearing one.

^ The Calendar of Filocalus which dates to 354, see: and note that the calendar does not specify that Sol is the “unconquered one” meant

^ When Julius Caesar introduced the Julian Calendar in 45 BC, December 25 was approximately the date of the solstice. In modern times, the solstice falls on December 21 or 22.

^ Wallraff 2001: 174-177. Many earlier scholars were so convinced that the winter solstice must have been a

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