(Jaina mathematician), Shripati, Shridhara, Aryabhatta II , and Vijayanandin. The tradition of astronomy and mathematics continued unabated – determination of procession of equinoxes, parallax, mean and true motions of planet, permutations and combinations, solving quadratic equations, square root of a negative number and the like.
Using nine digits and zero, the decimal place value system had established itself by about the 4th century A.D. Says historian of science, George Sarton, “Our numbers and the use of zero were invented by the Hindus and transmitted by Arabs, hence the name Arabic numerals which we often give them.’ Brahmagupta’s Brahmasphuta Siddhanta and Khandakhadyaka were also rendered into Arabic in the 9th-10th century. The Brahmi numerical forms with some modifications along with the decimal place-value system developed in India have since become universal.”
Eirik L Harris remarked that “Additionally, the Vedics, who developed the Hindu-Arabic number system, were far enough advanced in mathematics to make many calculations, including that of the complete cycle of the progression of the equinoxes, though, again, as the Vedas were mainly religious, there is no mention as to how results like this were derived. Overall, the Vedic culture was very rich in astronomical thinking, and it is a shame that non religious texts did not last through the centuries, for they could have shone more light on the matter of the astronomical accomplishments of the Vedic people.”
The ancient Indians divided the path of the moon into 27 equal parts called nakshatras, showing the variation of the relative position of the moon in comparison to the rest of the stars visible to the Vedic people. These